How to get nanodiamond into cells?

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Some cells as macrophages or Hela cells spontaneously ingest particles. However, most cells do not behave this way and require a different approach. One example is applying a (positively charged) protein coating which prevents aggregation but also facilitates uptake. Entering the cell becomes even trickier for microorganisms with a thick cell wall. Here we have adapted transformation protocols from gene transfection. Using these we have achieved uptake even into yeast cells with a thick cell wall.

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